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Hindu Bhakti Stotras (Devotional Hymns) Index
Tattva Bodha
By Adi Shankaracharya; Translated by Charles Johnston; Source: Advaita Vedanta Library
Works of Adi Shankaracharya, Stotras of Adi Shankaracharya, Hymns of Adi Shankara, Gauri Dasakam, Govindashtakam, Dakshinamuthy Stotram, Brahma Jnanavali Mala, Bhashyas of Adi Shankara, Soundaryalahari, Shivanandalahari, Atma Bhodh
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To the Master, the World-Soul, the Master of seekers for union,
obeisance; to the teacher, the giver of wisdom. To fulfill love for
those who would be free, this Awakening to Reality is addressed to them.
The Four Perfections
We shall tell of the way of discerning reality, the perfection of
freedom, for those who are fitted by possessing the Four Perfections.
What are the Four Perfections?
-- The Discerning between lasting and unlasting things; No Rage for
enjoying the fruit of works, either here or there; the Six Graces that
follow Peace; and then the Longing to be free.
What is the Discerning between lasting and unlasting things?
-- The one lasting thing is the Eternal; all, apart from it, is unlasting.
What is No Rage?
-- A lack of longing for enjoyments here and in the heaven-world.
What is possession of the Perfections that follow Peace?
-- Peace; Self-Control; Steadiness; Sturdiness; Confidence; Intentness.
What is Peace?
-- A firm hold on emotion.
What is Self-Control?
-- A firm hold on the lust of the eyes and the outward powers.
What is Steadiness?
-- A following out of one's own genius.
What is Sturdiness?
-- A readiness to bear opposing forces, like cold and heat, pleasure and pain.
What is Confidence?
-- Confidence is a reliance on the Voice of the Teacher and Final Wisdom.
What is Intentness?
-- One-pointedness of the imagination.
What is the Longing to be free?
-- It is the longing: "That Freedom may be mine."
The Discerning of Reality
These are the Four Perfections. Through these, men are fitted to discern Reality.
What is the Discerning of Reality?
-- It is this: the Self is real; other than it, all is fancy.
Self, Vestures, Veils, Modes
What is the Self?
-- He who stands apart from the Physical, the Emotional, and the Causal
Vestures; who is beyond the five Veils; who is witness of the three
Modes; whose own nature is Being, Consciousness, Bliss -- this is the
Self.
The Three Vestures
What is the Physical Vesture?
-- Being formed of the five creatures fivefolded, born through works,
it is the house where opposing forces like pleasure and pain are
enjoyed; having these six accidents: it is, is born, grows, turns the
corner, declines, perishes; such is the Physical Vesture.
What is the Emotional Vesture?
-- Being formed of the five creatures not fivefolded, born through
works, the perfection of the enjoyment of opposing forces like pleasure
and pain, existing with its seventeen phases: the five powers of
knowing; the five powers of doing; the five lives; emotion, one; the
soul, one; this is the Emotional Vesture.
The five powers of
knowing are: Hearing, Touch, Sight, Taste, Smell. Hearing's radiation
is Space; Touch's, Air; Sight's, the Sun; Smell's, the Twin Physicians;
these are the powers of knowing.
Hearing's business is the seizing
of sounds; Touch's business, the seizing of contacts; Sight's business,
the seizing of forms; Taste's business, the seizing of tastes; Smell's
business, the seizing of odors.
The five powers of doing are:
Voice, Hands, Feet, Putting-forth, Generating. Voice's radiation is the
Tongue of Flame; Hands', the Master; Feet's, the Pervader;
Putting-forth's, Death; Generating's, the Lord of Beings; thus the
radiations of the powers of doing.
Voice's business is speaking;
Hands' business is grasping things; Feet's business is going;
Putting-forth's business is removing waste; Generating's business is
physical enjoying.
What is the Causal Vesture?
-- Being formed
through ineffable, beginningless unwisdom, it is the Substance and
Cause of the two Vestures; though unknowing as to its own nature, it is
yet in nature unerring; this is the Causal Vesture.
The Three Modes
What are the Three Modes?
-- The Modes of Waking, Dreaming, Dreamlessness.
What is the Mode, Waking?
-- It is where knowledge comes through Hearing and the other knowing
powers, whose business is sound and the other perceptions; this is the
Waking Mode.
When attributing itself to the Physical Vesture, the Self is called the Pervading.
Then what is the Mode, Dreaming?
-- The world that presents itself in rest, generated by impressions of
what has been seen and heard in the Mode, Waking, is the Mode, Dreaming.
When attributing itself to the Emotional Vesture, the Self is called the Radiant.
What then is the Mode, Dreamlessness?
-- The sense that I perceive outwardly nothing at all, that rest is joyfully enjoyed by me, this is the Mode, Dreamlessness.
When attributing itself to the Causal Vesture, the Self is called the Intuitional.
The Five Veils
What are the Five Veils?
-- The Food-formed; the Life-formed; the Emotion-formed; the Knowledge-formed; the Bliss-formed.
What is the Food-formed?
-- Coming into being through the essence of food, getting its growth
through the essence of food, in the food-formed world it is again
dispersed, this is the Food-formed Veil -- the Physical Vesture.
What is the Life-formed?
-- The Forward-life and the four other Lives, Voice and the four other powers of doing; these are the Life-formed.
What is the Emotion-formed Veil?
-- Emotion, joining itself to the five powers of knowing -- this is the Emotion-formed Veil.
What is the Knowledge-formed?
-- The Soul, joining itself to the five powers of knowing -- this is the Knowledge-formed Veil.
What is the Bliss-formed?
-- This verily is the Substance not quite pure because of the unwisdom
that gives birth to the Causal Vesture; in it are founded all joys;
this is the Bliss-formed Veil.
Thus the Five Veils.
By saying:
"Mine are the lives; mine is emotion; mine is the soul; mine is the
wisdom"; these are recognized as possessions. And just as a bracelet, a
necklace, a house and such things separated from one's self, are
recognized as possessions, so the Five Veils and the Vestures,
recognized as possessions, are not the Self (the Possessor).
What then, is the Self?
-- It is that whose own-nature is Being, Consciousness, Bliss.
What is Being?
-- What stands through the Three Times (Present, Past, Future) -- this is Being.
What is Consciousness?
-- The own-nature of Perceiving.
What is Bliss?
-- The own-nature of Joy.
Thus let a man know that the own-nature of his own Self is Being, Consciousness, Bliss.
II
We shall speak now of the way the four-and-twenty natures are developed.
The Primitive Seven
Dwelling together with the Evolver in glamor, who is the very self of the three potencies: substance, force, and space.
From this glamor, shining ether came forth.
From shining ether, breath came forth.
From breath, fire came forth.
From fire, the waters came forth.
From the waters, earth came forth.
Their Substantial Parts
Now, among these five natures:
From the substantial part of shining ether, the power of hearing came forth.
From the substantial part of breath, the power of touch came forth.
From the substantial part of fire, the power of seeing came forth.
From the substantial part of the waters, the power of taste came forth.
From the substantial part of earth, the power of smelling came forth.
From the united substantial parts of these five natures, the inner
powers -- mind, soul, self-assertion, imagination -- came forth.
Mind is the very self of intending and doubting.
Soul is the very self of affirmation.
Self-assertion is the very self of attributing selfhood.
Imagination is the very self of image-making.
The regent of mind is the Moon.
The regent of soul is the Evolver.
The regent of self-assertion is the Transformer.
The regent of imagination is the Pervader.
Their Forceful Parts
Now, among these five natures:
From the forceful part of shining ether, the power of voice came forth.
From the forceful part of breath, the power of handling came forth.
From the forceful part of fire, the power of moving came forth.
From the forceful part of the waters, the power of engendering came forth.
From the forceful part of earth, the power of extruding came forth.
From the united forceful parts of these natures, the five lives -- the
upward-life, the forward-life, the uniting-life, the distributing-life,
the downward-life -- came forth.
Their Spatial Parts Of these five natures, from their spatial parts, the five-folded five elements come forth.
What is this five-folding?
It is this: taking the spatial parts of the five primitive natures --
one part of each -- these parts are each first divided in two; then one
half of each part is left alone, on one side, while the other halves of
each are each divided into four. Then to the half of each nature, is
joined the fourth of the half [the eighth] of each of the other
natures. And thus five-folding is made.
From these five primitive
natures, thus five-folded, the physical vesture is formed. Hence the
essential unity between the clod and the Evolving Egg.
The Life and the Lord
There is an image of the Eternal, which attributes itself to the
vestures, and is called the Life. And this Life, through the power of
Nature, regards the Lord as separate from itself.
When wearing the disguise of Unwisdom, the Self is called the Life.
When wearing the disguise of Glamor, the Self is called the Lord.
Thus, through the difference of their disguises, there is an appearance
of difference between the Life and the Lord. And as long as this
appearance of difference continues, so long will the revolving world of
birth and death continue. For this reason the idea of the difference
between the Life and the Lord is not to be admitted.
But how can
the idea of unity between the self-assertive, little-knowing Life, and
the selfless, all-knowing Lord, be accepted, according to the famous
words, that thou art; since the genius of these two, the Life and the
Lord, is so opposite?
This is not really so; for 'Life attributing
itself to the physical and emotional vestures' is only the verbal
meaning of thou; while the real meaning of thou is 'pure Consciousness,
bare of all disguises, in dreamless life.'
And so 'the Lord full of
omniscience and power' is but the verbal meaning of that; while the
real meaning of that is 'pure Consciousness stripped of disguises.'
Thus there is no contradiction in the unity of the Life and the Lord,
since both are pure Consciousness.
The Free-in-Life
And thus
all beings in whom the idea of the eternal has been developed, through
the words of wisdom and the true Teacher, are Free-in-life.
Who is Free-in-life?
Just as there is the firm belief that 'I am the body,' 'I am a man,' 'I
am a priest,' 'I am a serf,' so he who possesses the firm conviction
that 'I am neither priest nor serf nor man, but stainless Being,
Consciousness, Bliss, the Shining, the inner Master, Shining Wisdom,'
and knows this by direct perception, he is Free-in-life.
The Three Modes of Deeds
Thus by the direct knowledge that 'I am the Eternal,' he is freed from all the bonds of his deeds.
How many modes of these 'deeds' are there? If counted as 'deeds to
come,' 'deeds accumulated,' and 'deeds entered on,' there are three
modes.
The pure and impure deeds that are done by the body of the wise, after wisdom is won, are called 'deeds to come.'
And what of 'deeds accumulated'? The deeds that are waiting to be done,
sprung from seeds sown in endless myriads of births, are 'deeds
accumulated.'
And what are 'deeds entered on'? The deeds that give
joy and sorrow here in the world, in this vesture, are 'deeds entered
on.' Through experiencing them they reach cessation; for the using-up
of deeds entered on comes through experiencing them. And 'deeds
accumulated' reach cessation through wisdom, the very self of certainty
that 'I am the Eternal.' 'Deeds to come' also reach cessation through
wisdom. For, as water is not bound to the lotus-leaf, so 'deeds to
come' are not bound to the wise.
For those who praise and love and
honor the wise, to them come the pure 'deeds to come' of the wise. And
those who blame and hate and attack the wise, to them come all the
unspeakable deeds, whose very self is impurity, of the wise man's
'deeds to come.'
The End
Then the Knower of the Self,
crossing over the circling world, even here enjoys the bliss of the
Eternal. As the sacred books say: The Knower of the Self crosses over
sorrow.
And the sacred traditions say: Whether he leave his mortal
form in Benares or in a dog-keeper's hut, if he has gained wisdom, he
is free, his limitations laid aside.
Thus the Awakening to Reality is completed.
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